Ch.23 p. 1137-1171 + visual source

Strayer explains accelerating global interaction in the 21st century as an increasingly dense web of political relationships, economic transactions, and cultural influences across the worlds many peoples, countries, and regions, binding them together more tightly, but also more contentiously. Strayer credits technology and growth as factors in the tightening of the dense web. Containerized shipping, huge oil tankers, and air express services dramatically lowered transportation costs, while fiber optic cables and later the Internet provided the communication infrastructure for global economic interaction. Issues of feminism or women's rights differed amount people and countries but some of degree of reform became part of counties as diverse as Moracco, Chile, and South Korea. Visual source : One visual source showed that globolization offered employment opportunities. This would be for people in developing countries and non developed. Companies in wealthier countries have often found it advantageous.

Ch.22 The End of Empire

The 20th centuries witnessed the demise of many empires and the Australian and Ottoman empires collapsed after World War 1 which led to New States. WWII ended the German and Japanese Empire. African and Asian movements for independence shared national self determination. Powerful influence of United States in Latin America but also the desinegration of Soviet Union in 1991 which equaled birth to new national states. United States and Soviet Union were the new global superpowers and were generally opposed to older European colonial Empires. The colonies had been integrated into a global economic network and local elites were largely commuted to maintaining those links. Europe wanted profitable economic interests in Asia and Africa without the expense of trouble of a colonial government.Leaders made political parties in all Asia and Africa.

Ch.20 documents hitler on nazism

The rise of Nazi Germany was the capstone of the inter-war period, and led to the outbreak of World War II, shattering the tenuous peace. The Nazi regime's progress was paralleled by the life of its leader, Adolf Hitler. Born in a small town in Austria, Hitler dreamed of being an artist. Unable to demonstrate sufficient artistic skill for entrance into the art academy in Vienna, he did odd jobs and developed an interest in politics. In 1914, Hitler joined the German army, and earned the iron cross for bravery as a message-carrier. He was immensely disturbed by the German defeat in World War I, and blamed the loss on the socialists and Jews, who he said had surrendered the nation.In 1920, Hitler seized control in the German Workers Party, changing its name to the National Socialist German Workers Party, called the Nazi Party for short. On November 9, 1923, Hitler and World War I hero General Ludendorf attempted a small revolution known as the Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler had jumped onto a beer hall table and proclaimed the current Weimar government overthrown. He and Ludendorf led their supporters into the street, and were promptly arrested. Hitler spent two years in prison, where he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), which outlined his future policies, centered on the theory of Aryan superiority and Jewish inferiority.

Ch .20 p973-1017

• Marriage and the Family
• Late Marriage and Nuclear Families
• The nuclear family was the most common in preindustrial Europe.
• Common people married late (mostly in their late twenties) in this period.
• The custom of late marriage combined with the nuclear-family household distinguished European society from other areas in the world.
• Most people waited to marry until they could support themselves economically.
• The state attempted to control the sexual behavior of unmarried adults.
• Work Away from Home
• Girls and boys both learned independence by working away from home as servants, apprentices, and laborers.
• Service in another family’s home was the most common job for single girls.
• Servant girls worked hard, had little independence, and were in constant danger of sexual exploitation.
• Boys were subject to verbal and physical abuse, but were less vulnerable to sexual harassment and assault than girls.
• Prostitutes faced harsh laws in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
• Premarital Sex and Community Controls
• The evidence suggests a low rate of illegitimate births.
• In rural villages there were tight community controls over premarital sex and adultery.
• Once married, couples generally had several children.
• Contraception was used mainly by certain sectors of the urban population.
• New Patterns of Marriage and Illegitimacy
• Cottage industry enabled young men and women to become independent earlier.
• Young villagers who moved to the city entered into new sexual relationships free of community control.

• Rates of illegitimacy rose sharply between 1750 and 1850.
• Children and Education
• Child Care and Nursing
• Women of the lower classes generally breast-fed their children for a longer period of time than is customary today.
• The well-off generally hired poor wet nurses 
• 
  
• to breast-feed their children.
• Reliance on wet-nurses contributed to high levels of infant mortality.
• In the second half of the eighteenth century, critics mounted harsh attacks against wet-nursing.
• Foundlings and Infanticide
• Rates of infant mortality were high. 
• Many children were abandoned soon after birth and foundling homes existed to care for some of these children. 
• Infant mortality rates in foundling homes were extremely high.
• There is some evidence that infanticide remained common.
• Attitudes Toward Children
• There is conflicting evidence about relationships between parents and young children in the eighteenth century.
• Discipline methods for children were often severe.
• The Enlightenment sparked a new discourse about childhood and childrearing.
• Schools and Popular Literature
• Protestants and Catholics encouraged common people to read the Bible.
• Some European governments encouraged primary school education for children of the common people (Prussia, other Protestant principalities in Germany, Scotland, England, the Austrian Empire).
• Basic literacy rose rapidly between 1600 and 1800.
• The growth in literacy promoted a growth in reading.
• Ordinary people were not completely cut off from the ideas of the Enlightenment.
• Food, Medicine, and New Consumption Habits
• Diets and Nutrition
• The poor ate whole grain bread, beans, peas, and vegetables.
• The common people of Europe loved meat and eggs, but did not eat them very often.
• Townspeople had a more diverse diet than that of peasants.
• The rich gorged on meat, sweets, and liquor.
• Diets varied regionally.
• Patterns of food consumption changed markedly over the course of the eighteenth century.
• New foods introduced from the Americas (corn, squash, tomatoes, potatoes) improved calorie per acre production and nutrition.
• The most remarkable dietary change was in the consumption of sugar and tea.
• Toward a Consumer Society
• Consumer goods increased in quantity and variety over the course of the eighteenth century.
• The increasing importance of fashion was particularly noticeable in clothing.
• Housing reflected the new consumer spirit.
• The developing consumer society was concentrated in large cities in Northwestern Europe and North America.
• Medical Practitioners
• Medical practitioners in the 1700s included faith healers, pharmacists, physicians, surgeons, and midwives.
• Over time women were increasingly excluded from medical practice outside midwifery.
• Few treatments by any of these practitioners were effective.
• Surgeons made considerable progress in the eighteenth century.
• The conquest of smallpox was the century’s greatest medical triumph.
• Experimentation with inoculation against smallpox led eventually to vaccination with cowpox, which was effective in preventing the disease (Edward Jenner, 1798).
• Religion and Popular Culture
• The Institutional Church
• The local parish church remained the basic religious unit all across Europe.
• Local churches played key roles in community life.
• Protestants quickly created bureaucratized churches controlled by the secular powers.
• Catholic rulers increasingly took control of the Catholic Church in their domains (as in Spain).
• The growth of state power and the weakness of the papacy are exemplified by the experience of the Jesuits in the eighteenth century.
• Protestant Revival
• Pietism sought to revive the emotional fervor of early Protestantism.
• Influenced by Pietism, John Wesley (1703-1791) spread Methodism among the English populace.
• Catholic Piety
• Catholic authorities tended to compromise with the local elements and festivity of popular Catholicism.
• Jansenism was Catholicism’s version of the Protestant Pietist movement.
• Jansenism was an urban phenomenon.
• Inspired by the Counter-Reformation, Catholic clergy sought increasingly to “purify” popular religious practices.
• The severity of the attack on popular Catholicism varied widely by country and region. 
• Leisure and Recreation
• Carnival illustrates the combination of religious celebration and popular recreation.
• Towns and cities offered a wide range of amusements.
• Blood sports were popular with the masses.
• Within Europe there was a growing division between “high culture” and popular culture, with elite reformers tending to see the latter as sin, superstition, disorder, and vulgarity.

Ch.19 Empires in Collision

In Chapter 19 Empires in Collision Opium wars remained a element of China's patriotic education. Some 170 years after that clash between the Chinese and British Empires , the Opium War retains an emotional resonance for many Chinese. China faced an immense  military and political ambitions of rival European states. In 1850 430 million Chinese equaled no industrial revolution and no agricultural revolution meant the couldn't keep up. In chapter 19, huge peasant population, unemployment, impoverishment, misery, and starvation were high. The state was unable to effectively perform many functions were tax collection, flood control, and social welfare led
To corruption. The crisis within gave rise to bandit gangs which led to peasant rebellion and opposed
To Qing Dynasty led to Taiping uprising.

Ch.18 p.879-912 + ch.18 documents

In chapter 18 the theme of this chapter is empire building and colonial exploration. The chapter focuses on the pros and cons of colonialism and imperialism. Industrialization gave Europe the means by which to dominate the entire world. Military power was through machine guns, navies, and armies was Gatling guns and breeching loading rifles. Commercial power was though trade was though trade agreements and concessions , banking and capitalization. Cultural power was through language( English, French, Spanish, Dutch, and Russian), science, literature and European bureaucrats working the colonies. Modernization was admired by other people in the world, but Europe and the west only prepared to offer Westernization. In 1859 Charles Darwin published a book called the origin of species by chance and by means of natural selection and survival of the fittest. Later Charles Darwin concluded that all species have evolved from previous species by chance.

ch.17 documents

In today's reading the documents focuses on a certain topic and expands useful evidence and information throughout the reading. One of the document that caught my attention is the Visual Sources: Art and the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution not only changed in politics, literature, and economy, but also in the work of visual artists. Not many people appreciate and notice the art work. The pictures that are shown in the documents are about the Industrial Revolution technologiesBy the mid-nineteenth century, the Industrial Revolution and a growing global empire had generated many people in Great Britain feelings of enormous pride and achievements. The exhibition, held in London, was housed in a huge modernistic structure made of iron and glass and made within nine months. This exhibition attracted more than six million guests and contained 14,000 exhibits from all around the world. The first art is called "The Machinery Department of the Crystal Palace". This illustration illustrates the iron rail factory and the high class families are being educated by the teacher. In the second picture, "The Railroad as a Symbol of the Industrial Era". The peoples of the New World lacked immunity to diseases from the Old World. Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, typhus, influenza, malaria, yellow fever, and maybe pulmonary plague caused severe declines in the population of native peoples in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.  Similar patterns of contagion and mortality may be observed in the English and French colonies in North America. Europeans did not use disease as a tool of empire, but the spread of Old World diseases clearly undermined the ability of native peoples to resist settlement and accelerated cultural change. Also Transfer of Plants and Animals.